Carbon Dioxide, Total

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of 4 tests that provide information on an individual's electrolytes, acid-base, and water balance. A calculated anion gap is included to help diagnose metabolic acidosis. The panel is usually ordered during hospital and emergency room admission to help diagnose a range of conditions as well as monitor certain conditions or treatments that affect electrolyte balance [1]. Symptoms and signs of electrolyte, acid-base, and water imbalance may include dehydration, edema, vomiting, weakness, confusion, and cardiac arrhythmias. These imbalances may be associated with kidney diseases, respiratory distress, and metabolic disorders [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Anion gap (electrolyte balance): Calculated difference between serum anion and cation levels. Decreased anion gap may be caused by low albumin level; increased anion gap may be caused by excess anions of acids, such as sulfate, lactate, and ketone anions. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of 8 specific tests that provide information on the status of an individual?s blood electrolytes, glucose levels, kidney status, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a routine health examination or physical [1]. The Basic Metabolic Panel is also commonly ordered during hospital and emergency-room admission, and to monitor the metabolism and vital signs of hospitalized individuals with conditions, such as hypertension, who are being treated with diuretics or other appropriate interventions. [1]. Significant changes in electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal function, and blood glucose may be associated with kidney failure, respiratory distress, and impaired cognitive status. Changes in sodium, potassium, and calcium alter the excitability of neurons, cardiac, and skeletal muscles that can produce arrhythmias, weakness, and spasms/tremors [1]. Basic metabolic panel test results are usually evaluated in conjunction with one another for patterns of results. A single abnormal test result could be indicative of something different than if more than 1 of the test results are abnormal. Many conditions can cause abnormal results, including kidney failure, respiratory distress, and diabetes-related complications [1]. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: Plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and osmotic pressure. Potassium: Essential for proper muscle and nerve function. Chloride: Helps keep the balance of fluids, maintain blood volume, stabilize blood pressure, and balance the pH of body fluids. CO2 (carbon dioxide, bicarbonate): Used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Glucose: A critical energy source for cells and organs. Used to diagnose diabetes and hypoglycemia. Calcium: Essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. BUN (blood urea nitrogen): Evaluation of kidney function. Creatinine: Useful for diagnosis of renal insufficiency and estimation of glomerular filtration rate. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. New York, NY: Wolters Kluwer; 2020, 6-463.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of 7 specific tests that provide information on the status of an individual's blood electrolytes, glucose levels, kidney status, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a routine health examination or physical [1]. The Basic Metabolic Panel is also commonly ordered during hospital and emergency room admission, and to monitor the metabolism and vital signs of hospitalized individuals with conditions, such as hypertension, who are being treated with diuretics or other appropriate interventions. [1]. Significant changes in electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal function, and blood glucose may be associated with kidney failure, respiratory distress, and impaired cognitive status. Changes in sodium, potassium, and calcium alter the excitability of neurons, cardiac, and skeletal muscles that can produce arrhythmias, weakness, and spasms/tremors [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of 7 specific tests that provide information on the status of an individual's blood electrolytes, glucose levels, kidney status, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a routine health examination or physical [1]. The Basic Metabolic Panel is also commonly ordered during hospital and emergency room admission, and to monitor the metabolism and vital signs of hospitalized individuals with conditions, such as hypertension, who are being treated with diuretics or other appropriate interventions. [1]. Significant changes in electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal function, and blood glucose may be associated with kidney failure, respiratory distress, and impaired cognitive status. Changes in sodium, potassium, and calcium alter the excitability of neurons, cardiac, and skeletal muscles that can produce arrhythmias, weakness, and spasms/tremors [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020

Laboratory assay overview

See individual tests

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of 8 specific tests that provide information on the status of an individual's blood electrolytes, glucose levels, kidney status, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a routine health examination or physical [1]. The Basic Metabolic Panel is also commonly ordered during hospital and emergency room admission, and to monitor the metabolism and vital signs of hospitalized individuals with conditions, such as hypertension, who are being treated with diuretics or other appropriate interventions [1]. Significant changes in electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal function, and blood glucose may be associated with kidney failure, respiratory distress, and impaired cognitive status. Changes in sodium, potassium, and calcium alter the excitability of neurons, cardiac, and skeletal muscles that can produce arrhythmias, weakness, and spasms/tremors [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

Measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.

Laboratory assay overview

Evaluate the total carbonate buffering system in the body, acid-base balance. High results may represent respiratory acidosis with CO2 retention, or metabolic alkalosis (eg, prolonged vomiting). Low value may indicate respiratory alkalosis as in hyperventilation or metabolic acidosis (eg, diabetes with ketoacidosis).

Laboratory assay overview

This profile is used for the assessment of patients with chronic fatigue (including post-COVID-19 fatigue).

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults. Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease. Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow. Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver and often measured in conjunction with AST. ALT measurements are useful in the diagnosis and management of certain liver diseases (eg, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis). Very high values may be associated with hepatitis, though some people with hepatitis have ALT values within the reference interval. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Adjusted calcium is useful in the interpretation of calcium levels when albumin levels are low. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults. Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease. Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow. Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver and often measured in conjunction with AST. ALT measurements are useful in the diagnosis and management of certain liver diseases (eg, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis). Very high values may be associated with hepatitis, though some people with hepatitis have ALT values within the reference interval. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Adjusted calcium is useful in the interpretation of calcium levels when albumin levels are low. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults. Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease. Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow. Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver and often measured in conjunction with AST. ALT measurements are useful in the diagnosis and management of certain liver diseases (eg, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis). Very high values may be associated with hepatitis, though some people with hepatitis have ALT values within the reference interval. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This reflex provides a cost-effective, medically justified, and guideline supported approach to evaluating a patient at risk of NAFLD with liver fibrosis. If the FIB-4 index is ≥1.30, the ELF score is performed.

Laboratory assay overview

The FIB-4 index is a simple non-invasive approach using selected laboratory measures (AST, ALT, platelet count) in combination with patient age to assess if an individual is at higher risk for advanced liver fibrosis (F3-F4).

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults. Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease. Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow. Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease. Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow. Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease. Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow. Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver and often measured in conjunction with AST. ALT measurements are useful in the diagnosis and management of certain liver diseases (eg, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis). Very high values may be associated with hepatitis, though some people with hepatitis have ALT values within the reference interval. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar. Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases. Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults. Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease. Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow. Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver and often measured in conjunction with AST. ALT measurements are useful in the diagnosis and management of certain liver diseases (eg, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis). Very high values may be associated with hepatitis, though some people with hepatitis have ALT values within the reference interval. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel comprises a group of 4 tests that provide information on an individual's electrolytes, acid-base, and water balance. The panel is usually ordered during hospital and emergency room admission to help diagnose a range of conditions as well as monitor certain conditions or treatments that affect electrolyte balance [1]. Symptoms and signs of electrolyte, acid-base, and water imbalance may include dehydration, edema, vomiting, weakness, confusion, and cardiac arrhythmias. These imbalances may be associated with kidney diseases, respiratory distress, and metabolic disorders [1]. The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1]. Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance. Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels. Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance. References 1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel has been established to aid in the diagnosis and management of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and assess metabolic issues and organ function frequently associated with CKD by checking the status of a patient's kidney, glucose level, electrolyte/acid base balance, proteins and liver.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel has been established to aid in the diagnosis and management of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and assess basic metabolic issues frequently associated with CKD by checking the status of a patient's kidney, electrolyte/acid base balance and glucose level. See the individual tests as listed in the Directory of Service for detailed information.

Laboratory assay overview

This test is used for medical therapy to prevent recurrent stone formation.

Laboratory assay overview

This profile is used for basic diagnostic laboratory testing for evaluation of post-COVID conditions.

Laboratory assay overview

Obesity, associated with a multitude of co-morbid conditions, is a serious health condition impacting a significant number of patients in the U.S. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of obesity in the U.S. increased from 30.5% in 1999-2000 to 41.9% in 2017- March 2020.1 Currently, there is great emphasis on being overweight and obesity as a disease, with societies providing guidance on the use of newly available pharmacologic therapies as well as bariatric surgical procedures to decrease the burden. Depending upon the type of bariatric surgery performed, deficiencies of micronutrients and some vitamins may ensue, and recommendations are to evaluate these parameters prior to surgery and at least annually thereafter.

Laboratory assay overview

Obesity, associated with a multitude of co-morbid conditions, is a serious health condition impacting a significant number of patients in the U.S. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of obesity in the U.S. increased from 30.5% in 1999-2000 to 41.9% in 2017- March 2020.1 Currently, there is great emphasis on being overweight and obesity as a disease, with societies providing guidance on the use of newly available pharmacologic therapies as well as bariatric surgical procedures to decrease the burden. Depending upon the type of bariatric surgery performed, deficiencies of micronutrients and some vitamins may ensue, and recommendations are to evaluate these parameters prior to surgery and at least annually thereafter.

Laboratory assay overview

This panel is usually ordered to monitor patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or as part of a health examination for individuals at high risk of developing kidney diseases [1]. Kidney disease is more likely to develop in individuals with certain conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and a family history of kidney disease. Early symptoms of kidney diseases are often non-specific. This panel is commonly ordered during wellness checks and emergency-room admissions when symptoms and signs are suggestive of kidney diseases. National Kidney Foundation recommends a kidney profile containing estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin-creatinine ratio for detecting and monitoring CKD [1]. The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings. References 1. Laboratory engagement plan: transforming kidney disease detection. National Kidney Foundation Laboratory Engagement Advisory Group. Published February 2018. Accessed January 6, 2022. https://www.ascp.org/content/docs/default-source/get-involved-pdfs/istp-ckd/laboratory-engagement-plan.pdf

Laboratory assay overview

This panel is usually ordered to monitor patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or as part of a health examination for individuals at high risk of developing kidney diseases [1]. Kidney disease is more likely to develop in individuals with certain conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and a family history of kidney disease. Early symptoms of kidney diseases are often non-specific. This panel is commonly ordered during wellness checks and emergency-room admissions when symptoms and signs are suggestive of kidney diseases. National Kidney Foundation recommends a kidney profile containing estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin-creatinine ratio for detecting and monitoring CKD [1]. The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings. References 1. Laboratory engagement plan: transforming kidney disease detection. National Kidney Foundation Laboratory Engagement Advisory Group. Published February 2018. Accessed January 6, 2022. https://www.ascp.org/content/docs/default-source/get-involved-pdfs/istp-ckd/laboratory-engagement-plan.pdf

Laboratory assay overview

This test can be used to establish a baseline when initiating a weight management treatment.

Laboratory assay overview

This test can be used to establish a baseline when initiating a weight management treatment.

Laboratory assay overview

This test can be used to establish a baseline when initiating a weight management treatment.