Treponema pallidum

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel includes tests used for routine prenatal care during early pregnancy, which have been recommended for all women during early pregnancy by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) [1]. An alternative panel, the Obstetric Panel with Fourth Generation HIV (test code 93802), is available and may be ordered to simultaneously screen for HIV infection.Additional tests typically done in early pregnancy (but not included in this panel) include urinalysis, tests for sexually transmitted infections and tuberculosis, and blood glucose testing for women at high risk for gestational diabetes.The CBC with differential evaluates the levels and types of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the patient's blood. This information can help identify conditions such as anemia, low platelet count, and other blood cell disorders [1].The blood type, including ABO and Rh status, as well as the antibody screen, will provide information about a women's current and/or future risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. These tests may also be useful to define any special transfusion requirements [1].Syphilis, when transmitted from mother to fetus, may cause birth defects and neonatal death [2]. Syphilis testing is performed using a combination of assays. The RPR is performed initially. If the result is reactive, a titer and a confirmatory test (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption assay; FTA-ABS) will be performed at additional cost.Hepatitis B, a disease that affects the liver, can be passed from mother to fetus [1]. Hepatitis B screening is performed with the hepatitis B surface antigen test. If positive, additional confirmatory testing based on the test manufacturer's FDA-approved recommendations will be performed at additional cost.Rubella, or German measles, can cause birth defects if transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy. Testing of the mother's immune status against rubella will indicate if the mother and baby are protected from infection by the virus during this time. Vaccination for rubella during pregnancy is not recommended [1].Note: Test results should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Published November 2019. Accessed December 15, 2019. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Routine-Tests-During-Pregnancy?IsMobileSet=false2. Koumans EH, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:158.e1-158.e11.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel includes nucleic acid amplification testing for HSV-1, HSV-2, and Treponema pallidum in genital lesion swabs. Due to the overlapping clinical presentation of herpetic and syphilitic lesions, this panel can be used to aid in the identification of the most common etiological agents causing genital ulcer disease. A positive result is definitive diagnosis for the causative agent and a negative result may require additional testing.

What the laboratory says this test is for

RPR is a nontreponemal (lipoidal antigen) test used to screen for syphilis. Positive RPR samples are reflexed to determine titer and to a confirmatory treponemal assay as part of the traditional algorithm. False positive results associated with various medical conditions, including other infections (e.g., HIV), autoimmune conditions, vaccinations, injecting drug use, pregnancy, and older age may occur with the RPR test.This assay may be performed as part of an overall screening regimen for patients considering or who are currently taking HIV PrEP. Please refer to the "Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in the United States - 2021 Update Clinical Practice Guideline" for additional information.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel includes tests used for routine prenatal care during early pregnancy, including HIV-1/2 Antigen and Antibodies, Fourth Generation, with Reflexes and Hepatitis C Antibody with Reflex to HCV, RNA, Quantitative, Real-Time PCR, which have been recommended for all women during early pregnancy by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) [1, 3]. Alternative Panels are: Obstetric Panel (test code 20210), Obstetric Panel with Fourth Generation HIV (test code 93802).Additional tests typically done in early pregnancy (but not included in this panel) include urinalysis, tests for sexually transmitted infections and tuberculosis, and blood glucose testing for women at high risk for gestational diabetes.The CBC with differential evaluates the levels and types of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the patient's blood. This information can help identify conditions such as anemia, low platelet count, and other blood cell disorders [1].The blood type, including ABO and Rh status, as well as the antibody screen, will provide information about a woman's current and/or future risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. These tests may also be useful to define any special transfusion requirements [1].Syphilis, when transmitted from mother to fetus, may cause birth defects and neonatal death [2]. Syphilis testing is performed using a combination of assays. The RPR is performed initially. If the result is reactive, a titer and a confirmatory test (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption assay; FTA-ABS) will be performed at additional cost.Hepatitis B, a disease that affects the liver, can be passed from mother to fetus [1]. Hepatitis B screening is performed with the hepatitis B surface antigen test. If positive, additional confirmatory testing based on the test manufacturer's FDA-approved recommendations will be performed at additional cost.Rubella, or German measles, can cause birth defects if transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy. Testing of the mother's immune status against rubella will indicate if the mother and baby are protected from infection by the virus during this time. Vaccination for rubella during pregnancy is not recommended [1].Hepatitis C (HCV) screening is recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for all pregnant individuals during each pregnancy. HCV screening during the first prenatal blood assessment obtained in every pregnancy is recommended to identify pregnant individuals with HCV infection and infants who should receive testing at a pediatric visit [3]. For the pregnant person, diagnosing HCV infection in early pregnancy gives providers the opportunity to reduce the risk of HCV vertical transmission with preferential performance of amniocentesis over chorionic villus sampling when needed, and avoidance of prolonged rupture of membranes, episiotomy, and fetal scalp monitoring when possible. Furthermore, children born to mothers with diagnosed HCV infection can be tested as early as 2 months of age and monitored for treatment needs to prevent progression to cirrhosis. Finally, persons diagnosed with HCV during pregnancy can receive treatment for hepatitis C, postnatally, to prevent progression to cirrhosis, liver failure, and death as well as reduce the risk of HCV transmission. [4,5]Note: Test results should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Updated July 2021. Accessed June 14, 2022. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Routine-Tests-During-Pregnancy2. Koumans EH, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:158.e1-158.e11.3. Routine Hepatitis C Virus Screening in Pregnant Individuals Practice Advisory, May 2021 This Practice Advisory was developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) in collaboration with Hughes BL, Jamieson DJ, Kaimal AJ, Caughey AB, Eke A, McReynolds M https://opqic.org/acog-practice-advisory-routine-hepatitis-c-virus-screening-in-pregnant-individuals/4. Schillie SF, Canary L, Koneru A, et al. Hepatitis C virus in women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and children. Am J Prev Med 2018;55:633-41.5. Andes A, Ellenberg k, Vakos A, Collins J and Fryer K. Hepatitis C Virus in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Am J Perinatol. 2020 38(S 01):e1-e13. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1709672.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This Obstetric Panel would be appropriate in obstetric patients that are at risk for HIV.