Antibody Screen

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel includes tests used for routine prenatal care during early pregnancy, which have been recommended for all women during early pregnancy by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) [1]. An alternative panel, the Obstetric Panel with Fourth Generation HIV (test code 93802), is available and may be ordered to simultaneously screen for HIV infection.Additional tests typically done in early pregnancy (but not included in this panel) include urinalysis, tests for sexually transmitted infections and tuberculosis, and blood glucose testing for women at high risk for gestational diabetes.The CBC with differential evaluates the levels and types of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the patient's blood. This information can help identify conditions such as anemia, low platelet count, and other blood cell disorders [1].The blood type, including ABO and Rh status, as well as the antibody screen, will provide information about a women's current and/or future risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. These tests may also be useful to define any special transfusion requirements [1].Syphilis, when transmitted from mother to fetus, may cause birth defects and neonatal death [2]. Syphilis testing is performed using a combination of assays. The RPR is performed initially. If the result is reactive, a titer and a confirmatory test (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption assay; FTA-ABS) will be performed at additional cost.Hepatitis B, a disease that affects the liver, can be passed from mother to fetus [1]. Hepatitis B screening is performed with the hepatitis B surface antigen test. If positive, additional confirmatory testing based on the test manufacturer's FDA-approved recommendations will be performed at additional cost.Rubella, or German measles, can cause birth defects if transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy. Testing of the mother's immune status against rubella will indicate if the mother and baby are protected from infection by the virus during this time. Vaccination for rubella during pregnancy is not recommended [1].Note: Test results should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Published November 2019. Accessed December 15, 2019. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Routine-Tests-During-Pregnancy?IsMobileSet=false2. Koumans EH, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:158.e1-158.e11.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Chagas disease is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the disease. It is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and is primarily transmitted by insect vectors, triatomine bugs, and is found only in the Americas (mainly in rural areas of Latin America). Chagas disease (T. cruzi infection) is also referred to as American trypanosomiasis. There are two phases of Chagas disease: the acute phase and the chronic phase. Both phases can be symptom free or life threatening. Approximately 20-30 percent of infected people develop chronic Chagas disease which can lead to significant cardiac and gastrointestinal complications.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises antibody testing for infections caused by Ricketssia rickettsii, Richetssia typhi, Salmonella, and Brucella in patients with fever. A 4-fold change in titers of antibodies between acute and convalescent sera confirms the infection. This panel provides targeted identification of antibodies, which supports differential diagnosis and can provide evidence of exposure.R rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), the most severe rickettsial disease in the United States. RMSF is transmitted via several species of ticks and occurs most commonly in North Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Fever and headache along with other nonspecific symptoms begin 3 to 12 days after the bite. Serious complications that affect multiple systems may develop quickly and can lead to death in days, especially in children under 10 years old. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are critical to survival [1].R typhi causes flea-borne (murine) typhus. The geographic distribution of murine typhus extends throughout tropical and subtropical areas worldwide; it is rare in the United States, occurring mainly in Southern California, Hawaii, and Texas. Fever begins with chills and can last about 12 days. Severe complications can happen, if the infection is not treated, but are unusual [2].Salmonella infection can be caused by eating contaminated foods including vegetables, eggs, chicken, pork, and fruits. It can also spread between people and from animals to people. Common symptoms, such as diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps, are usually self-limiting. However, children under 5 years old, adults over 65, and people with compromised immune systems may develop serious or fatal complications [3]. This panel can detect antibodies to 5 Salmonella antigens: H type A, B, and D; O type Vi and D.Brucella infections are commonly acquired from farm animals and raw dairy products in countries without effective public health and domestic animal health programs. Fever and other nonspecific symptoms of brucellosis start suddenly and later may become remittent. Recurrent brucellosis affects multiple systems with endocarditis as one of the most severe complications [4].Clinical false-negative results for IgG- and IgM-based serologic tests can occur due to compromised immunity, testing before antibody response has started, or the presence of interfering substances in host serum. A 4-fold change in titers of antibodies between acute and convalescent sera confirms the infection [1,2,4].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/index.html2. Flea-borne (murine) typhus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/murine/index.html3. Salmonella. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/4. Brucellosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel includes tests used for routine prenatal care during early pregnancy, including HIV-1/2 Antigen and Antibodies, Fourth Generation, with Reflexes and Hepatitis C Antibody with Reflex to HCV, RNA, Quantitative, Real-Time PCR, which have been recommended for all women during early pregnancy by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) [1, 3]. Alternative Panels are: Obstetric Panel (test code 20210), Obstetric Panel with Fourth Generation HIV (test code 93802).Additional tests typically done in early pregnancy (but not included in this panel) include urinalysis, tests for sexually transmitted infections and tuberculosis, and blood glucose testing for women at high risk for gestational diabetes.The CBC with differential evaluates the levels and types of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the patient's blood. This information can help identify conditions such as anemia, low platelet count, and other blood cell disorders [1].The blood type, including ABO and Rh status, as well as the antibody screen, will provide information about a woman's current and/or future risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. These tests may also be useful to define any special transfusion requirements [1].Syphilis, when transmitted from mother to fetus, may cause birth defects and neonatal death [2]. Syphilis testing is performed using a combination of assays. The RPR is performed initially. If the result is reactive, a titer and a confirmatory test (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption assay; FTA-ABS) will be performed at additional cost.Hepatitis B, a disease that affects the liver, can be passed from mother to fetus [1]. Hepatitis B screening is performed with the hepatitis B surface antigen test. If positive, additional confirmatory testing based on the test manufacturer's FDA-approved recommendations will be performed at additional cost.Rubella, or German measles, can cause birth defects if transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy. Testing of the mother's immune status against rubella will indicate if the mother and baby are protected from infection by the virus during this time. Vaccination for rubella during pregnancy is not recommended [1].Hepatitis C (HCV) screening is recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for all pregnant individuals during each pregnancy. HCV screening during the first prenatal blood assessment obtained in every pregnancy is recommended to identify pregnant individuals with HCV infection and infants who should receive testing at a pediatric visit [3]. For the pregnant person, diagnosing HCV infection in early pregnancy gives providers the opportunity to reduce the risk of HCV vertical transmission with preferential performance of amniocentesis over chorionic villus sampling when needed, and avoidance of prolonged rupture of membranes, episiotomy, and fetal scalp monitoring when possible. Furthermore, children born to mothers with diagnosed HCV infection can be tested as early as 2 months of age and monitored for treatment needs to prevent progression to cirrhosis. Finally, persons diagnosed with HCV during pregnancy can receive treatment for hepatitis C, postnatally, to prevent progression to cirrhosis, liver failure, and death as well as reduce the risk of HCV transmission. [4,5]Note: Test results should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Updated July 2021. Accessed June 14, 2022. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Routine-Tests-During-Pregnancy2. Koumans EH, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:158.e1-158.e11.3. Routine Hepatitis C Virus Screening in Pregnant Individuals Practice Advisory, May 2021 This Practice Advisory was developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) in collaboration with Hughes BL, Jamieson DJ, Kaimal AJ, Caughey AB, Eke A, McReynolds M https://opqic.org/acog-practice-advisory-routine-hepatitis-c-virus-screening-in-pregnant-individuals/4. Schillie SF, Canary L, Koneru A, et al. Hepatitis C virus in women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and children. Am J Prev Med 2018;55:633-41.5. Andes A, Ellenberg k, Vakos A, Collins J and Fryer K. Hepatitis C Virus in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Am J Perinatol. 2020 38(S 01):e1-e13. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1709672.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This immunodiffusion assay is highly specific for histoplasmosis infection but may have low sensitivity in early infection. Two different immunoprecipitin bands may be detected. The M band develops with acute infection, is often present in chronic infection, and may persist for months to years. The H band, which is usually present with the M band, generally suggests a chronic or severe acute infection. The presence of both the H and M bands is considered conclusive for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel may be used as an aid in the diagnosis of several fungal infections that can cause serious infection. This qualitative immunodiffusion-based test is designed to detect serum antibodies directed against Aspergillus species (specifically A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida species, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum.These fungi may cause invasive infections that can represent a diagnostic challenge. While the endemic mycoses may have differing epidemiological risk factors, clinically they may have overlapping features. Thus, definitive diagnosis depends on fungal culture, characteristic fungal staining in specimens, or other direct diagnostic means, such as molecular methods, that may require invasive procedures.Immunodiffusion bands of identity or partial identity with a positive control are considered positive and indicate patient antibody against the fungal antigen in question. Negative results do not rule out infection, especially if testing is done before antibody development early in infection or if the patient is immunocompromised. Test results should be correlated with the patient's epidemiological risk factors and clinical findings.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This Obstetric Panel would be appropriate in obstetric patients that are at risk for HIV.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel is designed to assist in determining the causative agent in cases of suspected fungal-associated respiratory infections

What the laboratory says this test is for

This test is used to detect significant RBC antibodies.