Creatinine

What the laboratory says this test is for

Zinc is an essential element involved in a myriad of enzyme systems including wound healing, immune function, and fetal development. Zinc measurements are used to detect and monitor industrial, dietary, and accidental exposure to zinc. Also, Zinc measurements may be used to evaluate health and monitor response to treatment.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Values above 10 mg/24 hrs occur in carcinoid syndrome. Slight elevations also occur in nontropical sprue and after reserpine administration. Drugs which can interfere with testing due to physiologic response: Acetaminophen, Alpha and Beta Blockers, Atenolol, Bromocriptine, Bronchodilators, Clonidine, Digoxin, Isoniazid, L-Dopa, Labetalol, Methyldopa, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Nitroglycerin, Sympathomimetic Amines, Phenobarbital, Phenothiazines, Phentolamine, Reserpine, Salicylates, Tricyclic Antidepressants

What the laboratory says this test is for

Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Patients with primary hyperaldosteronism exhibit hypokalemia, hypertension, and low direct renin concentrations.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Urinary magnesium concentrations often decline before serum concentrations. Adverse effects, such as cardiac arrhythmias, can be observed while serum concentrations are within range.

What the laboratory says this test is for

The heavy metals in this panel are most often found in the mining and metal smelting industries. They are also used in the manufacturing of glass, pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. The burning of fossil fuels and the refining of petroleum products have also caused increases in exposures. Symptoms vary with the severity of exposure, but may generally include hyperpigmentation, hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, bronchitis, interstitial pneumonitis and skin cancer.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This urinary free cortisol (UFC) test, performed with a 24-hour urine specimen, is one of the preferred tests for screening for and diagnosing Cushing syndrome. This test may also be used to monitor for recurrence of Cushing disease [1]. In addition, when used in conjunction with the measurement of 24-hour urine cortisone, this test may help identify disorders caused by impaired activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2), such as apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) syndrome [2].UFC level is independent of corticosteroid-binding globulin and albumin levels; thus, UFC level can demonstrate increased bioavailable cortisol in patients with endogenous Cushing syndrome [1]. A UFC test with 24-hour urine specimen also has the advantage of averaging circadian and ultradian variations of cortisol secretion. An elevated UFC level may provide initial evidence for Cushing syndrome. Two or more positive results of UFC tests may establish the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome if non-neoplastic hypercortisolism (pseudo-Cushing syndrome) is excluded [1].A late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) test or dexamethasone suppression test (DST) can also be used to diagnose Cushing syndrome or monitor for Cushing disease. Choice of test should be based on clinical scenario [1]. When monitoring for recurrence of Cushing disease, UFC levels usually become abnormal after LNSC tests or DSTs do [1].UFC testing is not recommended for screening for Cushing syndrome in individuals with impaired kidney function or polyuria [1]. Non-neoplastic hypercortisolism caused by obesity, psychiatric disorders, alcohol use disorder, and polycystic ovary syndrome may increase UFC levels.In patients with AME syndrome, deficiency of 11beta-HSD2 impairs the deactivation of cortisol to cortisone. Similarly, ingestion of certain compounds that inhibit 11beta-HSD2 activity, such as glycyrrhetinic acid (in licorice), carbenoxolone, and phthalates, may also reduce the conversion of cortisol to cortisone. Therefore, a high cortisol-to-cortisone ratio measured in 24-hour urine may help identify disorders caused by impaired activity of 11beta-HSD2 [2, 3].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.Reference1. Fleseriu M, et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(12):847-875.2. Young WF, Jr., et al. Endocrine Reviews. 2017;38(2):103-122.3. Carvajal CA, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(4):dgz315.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel is usually ordered to monitor patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or as part of a health examination for individuals at high risk of developing kidney diseases [1].Kidney disease is more likely to develop in individuals with certain conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and a family history of kidney disease. Early symptoms of kidney diseases are often non-specific. This panel is commonly ordered during wellness checks and emergency-room admissions when symptoms and signs are suggestive of kidney diseases. National Kidney Foundation recommends a kidney profile containing estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin-creatinine ratio for detecting and monitoring CKD [1].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Laboratory engagement plan: transforming kidney disease detection. National Kidney Foundation Laboratory Engagement Advisory Group. Published February 2018. Accessed January 6, 2022. https://www.ascp.org/content/docs/default-source/get-involved-pdfs/istp-ckd/laboratory-engagement-plan.pdf

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver and often measured in conjunction with AST. ALT measurements are useful in the diagnosis and management of certain liver diseases (eg, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis). Very high values may be associated with hepatitis, though some people with hepatitis have ALT values within the reference interval.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

NTx is useful to assess bone resorption in patients with metabolic bone disease. The test is also useful in monitoring therapy to slow or halt osteoporotic bone loss. A decline of 30% or more of NTx over a six-month period suggests effective therapy.

What the laboratory says this test is for

NTx is useful to assess bone resorption in patients with metabolic bone disease and monitor therapy to slow or halt osteoporotic bone loss. A decline of 30% or more of NTx over a six-month period suggests effective therapy.

What the laboratory says this test is for

The BUN/Creatinine ratio is useful in the differential diagnosis of acute or chronic renal disease. Reduced renal perfusion, e.g., congestive heart failure, or recent onset of urinary tract obstruction will result in an increase in BUN/Creatinine ratio. Increased urea formation also results in an increase in the ratio, e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, trauma, etc. When there is decreased formation of urea as seen in liver disease, there is a decrease in the BUN/Creatinine ratio. In most cases of chronic renal disease the ratio remains relatively normal.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) concentration is useful in the biochemical diagnosis and monitoring of neuroblastomas [1]. VMA measurement from random urine specimens, expressed as the ratio of VMA to creatinine, may provide equivalent diagnostic value as VMA measurement from 24-hour urine specimens for the evaluation of neuroblastomas [1].Neuroblastomas occur predominantly in children and are the most common malignancy under 1 year old. Neuroblastomas are catecholamine-metabolizing tumors with limited ability to store and secrete catecholamines. Thus, catecholamine metabolites-including VMA and homovanillic acid (HVA)-are more reliable than catecholamines as biochemical markers for neuroblastomas [1]. VMA and HVA levels, usually measured simultaneously, can be elevated in neuroblastomas as well as other catecholamine-secreting tumors, such as pheochromocytoma [1]. In patients with familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome), a neurological disorder found mainly in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, VMA levels are generally elevated while HVA levels may be normal or decreased [2].Urinary VMA and HVA levels may have limited accuracy for diagnosis of neuroblastomas with high-risk metastatic biology [1]. Because poor prognosis is associated with immaturity of catecholamine metabolism, dopamine levels in urine or blood have been proposed as an additional marker to aid in diagnosis and monitoring of neuroblastomas [3].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Eisenhofer G. Monoamine-producing tumors. In: Rifai R, et al. eds. Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine. 7th ed. Elsevier Inc; 2022.2. Axelrod FB. Familial dysautonomia. Muscle Nerve. 2004;29(3):352-363.3. Brodeur GM, et al. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(8):1466-1477.

What the laboratory says this test is for

The estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) with Creatinine and Cystatin C is supported by the National Kidney Foundation and was specifically requested by the NKF as part of the organization's 2021 announcement of race-free equations for estimating kidney function.

What the laboratory says this test is for

International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) recommends multiple component testing as Standard of Care for identification of patient with Multiple Myeloma.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This test is used to analyze the protein content in urine. The proteins are separated into 5 major components: albumin, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and gamma. Interpretation of elevations, decreases, or visual changes in different components and/or associated patterns can provide information on various disease states, including inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, different types of kidney injury, plasma cell disorders, and cancers [1,2].UPEP is used to evaluate an individual with symptoms associated with potential monoclonal gammopathy, or when an individual has abnormally high total protein, albumin, or immunoglobulin levels. This test can help with initial diagnosis, as well as monitoring disease progression and treatment effectiveness [1,2].Specifically, the use of 24-hour urine collection (vs random urine) is recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Panel as one of the tests for diagnosis for multiple myeloma and for monitoring response to treatment. The International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) recommends ordering this test every 3 to 6 months, or as needed, for example, to establish baseline or if disease worsens [1].The advantage of analyzing urine that has been collected over a 24-hour period is that it provides insight into compositional changes in urine throughout the day. This allows for a more accurate assessment of urine composition, based on averages, making the test more sensitive than a random UPEP test (test code 8525).NOTE: The results of this test should not be used in isolation; these results alone are not enough to make a diagnosis or for monitoring. UPEP results should be evaluated along with other laboratory, clinical, and imaging findings as appropriate. Additional testing, such as bone marrow studies, serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), and immunofixation (IFE), may be required for comprehensive evaluation [1,2].References1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Multiple myeloma. Version 2.2020; October 9, 2019. https://www.nccn.org2. Rajkumar SV, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:e538-e548.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Excessive exposure to heavy metals can cause acute and chronic toxicity. Heavy Metals Panel is intended to evaluate and monitor exposure to heavy metals and evaluate the process of detoxification.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Cadmium is a naturally occurring element that is mined and used in industrial production because of its durability. Excessive cadmium exposure can damage lungs, kidneys, and the digestive tract.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Nickel toxicity is associated with allergy, asthma, urticaria, erythema multiforme, contact dermatitis, and hand eczema.

What the laboratory says this test is for

The three catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) are the principal secretory products of neural tissue. Clinically, the measurement of circulating catecholamines is valuable in the diagnosis of catecholamine secreting tumors associated chiefly with hypertension (pheochromocytomas, neuroblastomas and gangliomas) and with the evaluation of orthostatic hypotension.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of 7 specific tests that provide information on the status of an individual's blood electrolytes, glucose levels, kidney status, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a routine health examination or physical [1].The Basic Metabolic Panel is also commonly ordered during hospital and emergency room admission, and to monitor the metabolism and vital signs of hospitalized individuals with conditions, such as hypertension, who are being treated with diuretics or other appropriate interventions. [1].Significant changes in electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal function, and blood glucose may be associated with kidney failure, respiratory distress, and impaired cognitive status. Changes in sodium, potassium, and calcium alter the excitability of neurons, cardiac, and skeletal muscles that can produce arrhythmias, weakness, and spasms/tremors [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Useful in the evaluation of pheochromocytoma.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Occupational exposure and exposure to environmental contamination of chromium may lead to toxicity. The need for chromium supplements is unproven. Supplements taken in excess can lead to toxicity.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Copper is an essential element that is a cofactor of many enzymes. Copper metabolism is disturbed in Wilson's disease, Menkes disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, and Indian childhood cirrhosis. Urinary copper concentrations are also useful to monitor patients on chelation therapy.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of 7 specific tests that provide information on the status of an individual's blood electrolytes, glucose levels, kidney status, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a routine health examination or physical [1].The Basic Metabolic Panel is also commonly ordered during hospital and emergency room admission, and to monitor the metabolism and vital signs of hospitalized individuals with conditions, such as hypertension, who are being treated with diuretics or other appropriate interventions. [1].Significant changes in electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal function, and blood glucose may be associated with kidney failure, respiratory distress, and impaired cognitive status. Changes in sodium, potassium, and calcium alter the excitability of neurons, cardiac, and skeletal muscles that can produce arrhythmias, weakness, and spasms/tremors [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020

What the laboratory says this test is for

See individual tests

What the laboratory says this test is for

The primary hyperoxalurias (PH) are a group of inherited disorders caused by defects in glyoxylate metabolism, with a combined incidence of about 1:60,000. To date, three primary hyperoxalurias have been described, designated as PH1, PH2, and PH3. All three forms follow an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, and lead to increased oxalate levels in the body. The typical presentation is with recurring calcium oxalate renal stones. Calcium oxalate can also deposit in various tissues including the kidneys (nephrocalcinosis). End stage renal disease can occur from damage caused by the systemic oxalosis. The age of onset of symptoms ranges from infancy to adulthood; some adults may remain asymptomatic until the sixth decade.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This quantitative oxalic acid test, performed with a random urine specimen, may help screen for hyperoxaluria, determine the cause of kidney stones, and assess kidney function in adults [1]. However, 24-hour urine specimens are generally preferred to random specimens when measuring oxalic acid for diagnostic evaluation and monitoring of hyperoxaluria [1,2].Oxalic acid is an organic compound that naturally exists in many food sources. Because humans cannot metabolize oxalic acid, it must be excreted in urine as oxalate (the ionic form of oxalic acid). Excessive excretion of oxalates is called hyperoxaluria and can be attributed to primary or secondary causes. Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a rare condition resulting from enzymatic defects and can lead to chronic kidney disease, which may progress to kidney failure. Secondary hyperoxaluria can be caused by fat malabsorption, which may be due to inflammatory bowel disease, extensive resection of the small bowel, or excessive ingestion of substances that increase serum oxalates [3].PH is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, including end-stage kidney disease [1]. Early diagnosis is associated with better outcomes, but more than 40% of PH diagnoses are delayed [1]. Screening for PH may be considered for adults with recurrent calcium oxalate stones or family history of stone disease [1].Urinary oxalic acid measurements may be inaccurate when estimated glomerular filtration rate declines [1]. Therefore, in patients with chronic kidney disease, plasma oxalate may be measured to help support the diagnosis of PH [1].Results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠References1. Bhasin B, et al. World J Nephrol. 2015;4(2):235-244.2. Williams JC Jr, et al. Urolithiasis. 2021;49(1):1-16.3. Shchelochkov O, et al. Defects in metabolism of amino acids. In: Kliegman R, et al. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2019:720-722.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel is usually ordered to monitor patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or as part of a health examination for individuals at high risk of developing kidney diseases [1].Kidney disease is more likely to develop in individuals with certain conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and a family history of kidney disease. Early symptoms of kidney diseases are often non-specific. This panel is commonly ordered during wellness checks and emergency-room admissions when symptoms and signs are suggestive of kidney diseases. National Kidney Foundation recommends a kidney profile containing estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin-creatinine ratio for detecting and monitoring CKD [1].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Laboratory engagement plan: transforming kidney disease detection. National Kidney Foundation Laboratory Engagement Advisory Group. Published February 2018. Accessed January 6, 2022. https://www.ascp.org/content/docs/default-source/get-involved-pdfs/istp-ckd/laboratory-engagement-plan.pdf

What the laboratory says this test is for

This test, when used in conjunction with the measurement of 24-hour urine cortisol, may help in the diagnosis of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) syndrome [1].Cortisone is an inactive metabolite of cortisol converted by 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11-beta-HSD2) in the kidney. In patients with AME syndrome, deficiency of 11-beta-HSD2 impairs the deactivation of cortisol to cortisone. Consequently, accumulated cortisol activates mineralocorticoid receptors and leads to clinical manifestations resembling primary aldosteronism. Patients with AME typically present with low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Similarly, ingestion of certain compounds that inhibit 11-beta-HSD2 activity, such as glycyrrhetinic acid (in licorice), carbenoxolone, and phthalates, may also reduce the conversion of cortisol to cortisone. Therefore, a high cortisol-to-cortisone ratio measured in 24-hour urine may help in identifying disorders caused by impaired activity of 11-beta-HSD2 [1, 2].This test should be used in conjunction with 24-hour urine cortisol testing to evaluate the activity of 11-beta-HSD2 [1]. High serum cortisol-to-cortisone ratios in addition to low cortisone levels may also be helpful in the diagnosis of AME syndrome [2].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Young WF, Jr., et al. Endocrine Reviews. 2017;38(2):103-122.2. Carvajal CA, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(4):dgz315.

What the laboratory says this test is for

UroRisk® Panel is recommended for initial and recurrent stone formers (excluding patients with Struvite stones).

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel is useful in assessing the risk of any underlying medical conditions prior, during, and after initiation of therapy for Hepatitis C. This baseline profile does not include Hepatitis A or Hepatitis B testing, under the assumption this testing has already been performed. If these tests are desired, consider using 91704 (Hepatitis C-Infected Patient, Baseline Panel 1) or ordering separately. The relevant laboratory monitoring has been defined in the most recent AASLD guidelines.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Hepatitis C patients should be monitored during therapy to assess both response to therapy as well as evaluation for side effects.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel is important to baseline the laboratory parameters in order to define change on therapy as well as to assess the risk of any underlying medical conditions prior to initiation of therapy for Hepatitis C.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Urinary free cortisol is useful in the detection of patients with Cushing's syndrome for whom free cortisol concentrations are elevated.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Exposure to thallium is primarily through foods and may occur in highly selected industrial environments. Blood thallium may be used in assessing chronic toxicity.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Use to detect insulin secretion. Do not use to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Elevated urinary lead concentration is indicative of chronic lead toxicity. Urinary lead concentrations may be used to monitor detoxification therapy.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This quantitative test may be useful for evaluation of individuals with clinically suspected cystinuria, including those with symptoms of kidney stones or cystine crystals detected in urinalysis [1]. Although 24-hour urine testing is generally preferred for diagnostic evaluation and monitoring of cystinuria [2], random or first-morning void urine collection may be helpful for diagnosis when 24-hour urine collection is not feasible (eg, for young children) [3].Cystinuria, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that can cause kidney stones, is characterized by excessive excretion of cystine and dibasic amino acids in the urine. Around 1% to 2% of all kidney stones, and 6% to 8% of kidney stones in children, are caused by cystinuria [1]. Approximately 83% of patients with cystinuria who develop a kidney stone will have a recurrence within 5 years [1]. Common complications of cystinuria include chronic kidney disease and hypertension [1].This test does not differentiate between free and bound cystine in patients taking cystine-binding thiol drugs [1]. This test alone is not sufficient to predict risk of kidney stones in individuals with cystinuria [1].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Daga S, et al. Urology. 2021;149:70-75.2. Williams JC Jr, et al. Urolithiasis. 2021;49(1):1-16.3. Servais A, et al. Kidney Int. 2021;99(1):48-58.