Albumin

What the laboratory says this test is for

Serum albumin measurements are used in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidney. Its main value lies in the follow-up therapy where improvement in the serum albumin level is the best sign of successful medical treatment. There may also be a loss of albumin in the gastrointestinal tract, in the urine by the damaged kidney or direct loss of albumin through the skin. More than 50% of patients with gluten enteropathy have depressed albumin. The only cause of increased albumin is dehydration; there is no naturally occurring hyperalbuminemia.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel is usually ordered to monitor patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or as part of a health examination for individuals at high risk of developing kidney diseases [1].Kidney disease is more likely to develop in individuals with certain conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and a family history of kidney disease. Early symptoms of kidney diseases are often non-specific. This panel is commonly ordered during wellness checks and emergency-room admissions when symptoms and signs are suggestive of kidney diseases. National Kidney Foundation recommends a kidney profile containing estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin-creatinine ratio for detecting and monitoring CKD [1].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Laboratory engagement plan: transforming kidney disease detection. National Kidney Foundation Laboratory Engagement Advisory Group. Published February 2018. Accessed January 6, 2022. https://www.ascp.org/content/docs/default-source/get-involved-pdfs/istp-ckd/laboratory-engagement-plan.pdf

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver and often measured in conjunction with AST. ALT measurements are useful in the diagnosis and management of certain liver diseases (eg, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis). Very high values may be associated with hepatitis, though some people with hepatitis have ALT values within the reference interval.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver and often measured in conjunction with AST. ALT measurements are useful in the diagnosis and management of certain liver diseases (eg, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis). Very high values may be associated with hepatitis, though some people with hepatitis have ALT values within the reference interval.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This test panel may be helpful in assessing androgen status and screening for hypogonadism in men. This immunoassay cannot accurately measure the low testosterone levels generally found in women, children, and men with hypogonadism [1].Testosterone circulates in 3 major forms: unbound (free), weakly bound to albumin, and tightly bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Free testosterone comprises 2% to 4% of total testosterone and is biologically active. Albumin-bound testosterone can dissociate from albumin in capillaries and become available to tissue. Thus, bioavailable testosterone refers to free testosterone plus albumin-bound testosterone. In this panel, free testosterone and bioavailable testosterone concentrations are calculated based on measurements of total T, SHBG, and albumin.In men, fasting total testosterone concentrations measured in the morning are recommended for screening for hypogonadism [2]. In patients with conditions affecting SHBG concentrations or when total testosterone levels are near the lower limit, free testosterone levels may be more sensitive than total testosterone levels for assessing androgen status. When the total testosterone level is low, or the total testosterone level is normal but free testosterone is low, the fasting total testosterone should be confirmed on another morning [2]. This test may also be used to monitor testosterone replacement therapy.Direct immunoassays cannot accurately quantify low concentrations of testosterone, especially concentrations under the lower limit of the normal range for men [1]. Chromatography/mass spectrometry is preferred for quantifying testosterone levels in children, women, or men with low testosterone levels [1]. Further studies are needed to elaborate the use of bioavailable testosterone concentrations.Note: Dietary supplements containing biotin may interfere with this assay. Please refer to the collection instructions for more information.The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Rosner W, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):405-413.2. Bhasin S, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(5):1715-1744.

What the laboratory says this test is for

Helpful in assessing testicular function in males and managing hirsutism, virilization in females.

What the laboratory says this test is for

The NAFLD fibrosis score is a simple noninvasive approach to identify patients that may have significant liver fibrosis and who therefore might benefit from additional studies such as elastography or liver biopsy. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 30% of adults in developed countries. It is associated with obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia and is considered the liver manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. This disease is often asymptomatic. In some individuals, NAFLD is associated with inflammation (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]) and may progress to liver fibrosis and ultimately to cirrhosis and attendant complications. Such individuals are also at risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In patients with NAFLD, liver fibrosis is an important prognostic factor that predicts progression and outcome. The NAFLD fibrosis score was initially published by Angulo et al. (Hepatology 45, 846 (2007)) and has since been extensively validated. The score assesses selected laboratory measures (glucose levels, platelet count, albumin, AST/ALT ratio) in combination with basic patient characteristics (age and BMI). The panel components and the NAFLD fibrosis score are recommended by professional societies including AASLD, AGA and ACG.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Adjusted calcium is useful in the interpretation of calcium levels when albumin levels are low.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver and often measured in conjunction with AST. ALT measurements are useful in the diagnosis and management of certain liver diseases (eg, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis). Very high values may be associated with hepatitis, though some people with hepatitis have ALT values within the reference interval.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

To assist with control of blood glucose levels, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has recommended glycated hemoglobin testing (HbA1c) twice a year for patients with stable glycemia, and quarterly for patients with poor glucose control. Interpretative ranges are based on ADA guidelines.

What the laboratory says this test is for

See individual tests

What the laboratory says this test is for

Albumin excreted in the urine (Microalbumin) is a sensitive marker of nephropathy. It is used to screen for early renal disease in diabetic patients.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This test may be helpful in the evaluation of intrathecal synthesis of IgG in individuals with clinical suspicion of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), especially multiple sclerosis [1]. Intrathecal synthesis of IgG can be more specifically demonstrated by paring IgG/albumin ratios in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum to calculate IgG index [2].Elevated IgG levels in the CSF may be caused by increased intrathecal synthesis of IgG, increased permeability of blood-brain barrier, or both. Because albumin is not synthesized or metabolized in the CSF, it can be used to evaluate the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier. To demonstrate intrathecal synthesis of IgG specifically, IgG and albumin levels in the CSF and serum can be used to calculate IgG index [1].In patients with multiple sclerosis, intrathecal synthesis of IgG may be evaluated with several assays. IgG/albumin ratio in the CSF may be elevated in about 70% of the patients. IgG index, calculated with paired IgG/albumin ratios in the CSF and serum, may be elevated in about 80% of patients. Oligoclonal bands may be detected in up to 95% of the patients [1-3].Intrathecal synthesis of IgG may also be caused by other CNS inflammatory diseases, such as chronic meningoencephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome [1].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Johnson AM, et al. Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. In: Burtis CA, et al. eds. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 4th ed. Elsevier Inc; 2006:578-580.2. Hershey LA, et al. Ann Neurol. 1980;8(4):426-434.3. Giesser BS. Neurol Clin. 2011;29(2):381-388.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel may be helpful in assessing liver injury, diagnosing liver diseases, and monitoring treatment of liver diseases and adverse effects of hepatotoxic drugs [1]. This panel includes albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin (calculated), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin are common liver chemistry analytes that can be used to evaluate liver injury. ALT is a more liver-specific marker than AST. The latter also is present in the peripheral circulation during episodes of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle injury. Elevated ALT and AST levels disproportionate to ALP levels indicate hepatocellular injury; elevated ALP and bilirubin levels disproportionate to ALT and AST levels indicate cholestatic injury. In the absence of identifiable risk factors, ALT or AST levels above the upper limit of the normal range are associated with increased liver-related mortality [1]. Evaluation of direct and indirect bilirubin levels is helpful for assessing the possibility of hepatocellular disease [1]. Elevated direct bilirubin levels imply hepatocellular dysfunction or cholestasis.Albumin is a marker of liver synthetic function; low levels may indicate liver disease of more than 3 weeks' duration [1].This panel may be useful in evaluating individuals who are taking hepatotoxic drugs as well as those with viral hepatitis, symptoms or signs of chronic liver disease, conditions associated with a high risk of developing liver disease, lifestyle risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or a family history of liver disease [2].Because many liver diseases cause characteristic abnormalities in selected liver chemistry analytes, results of individual analytes in this panel may aid in differential diagnosis. An abnormal test result may need to be confirmed by repeat testing and/or performing a clarifying test. For example, measurement of gamma-glutamyl transferase activity (not included in this panel) can help determine whether an elevated ALP result reflects hepatic disease [1].Note that liver enzymes are markers of liver injury, not direct measurements of hepatic function. Bilirubin, albumin, and prothrombin time are markers of liver synthetic function [1,2].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Kwo PY, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(1):18-35.2. Newsome PN, et al. Gut. 2018;67(1):6-19.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

The FIB-4 index is a simple non-invasive approach using selected laboratory measures (AST, ALT, platelet count) in combination with patient age to assess if an individual is at higher risk for advanced liver fibrosis (F3-F4).

What the laboratory says this test is for

Albumin excreted in the urine (Microalbumin) is a sensitive marker of Nephropathy. It is used to screen for early renal disease in diabetic patients.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel combines tests used in the diagnosis and management of cardiometabolic disease elements, including metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, diabetes, thyroid conditions, kidney, fatty liver, and cardiovascular disease risk. This panel can help identify the presence and progression of cardiometabolic disease by assessing metabolic state and downstream effects on the liver, kidneys, and heart.It is estimated that as many as 45% of Americans have a chronic disease; more than half of older adults have multiple chronic conditions [1]. The related chronic cardiometabolic conditions are characterized by initial stages that may remain clinically silent for years.Medical societies, like the American Heart Association, recognize the interrelated impacts of metabolic risk factors (ie, obesity and diabetes), chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease, and the gap in early screening, prevention, and management of these chronic conditions [2,3]. Rising rates of metabolic dysfunction, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) also contribute to increased prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also known as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) [4]. Thyroid health may either be impacted by or exacerbate cardiometabolic conditions, such as CHD, NAFLD, and CKD [5-8].The Cardiometabolic Disease Assessment Panel includes guideline-recommended testing that spans interrelated areas of cardiometabolic disease to determine the extent of metabolic dysfunction (glycemic control and advanced lipid assessment), identify whether thyroid health contributes to or is altered by metabolic dysfunction, and adverse impacts to heart, liver, and kidney function [9-13]. Identification of cardiometabolic disease presence can help implement personalized treatment strategies that can prevent or delay disease progression and related complications.The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Raghupathi W, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(3):431. doi:10.3390/ijerph150304312. Ndumele CE, et al. Circulation. 2023;148(20):1636-1664. doi.org/10.1161/CIR.00000000000011863. Khan SS, et al. Circulation. 2024;149(6):430-449. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.0676264. Bril F, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(11):e4360-e4371. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab4175. Cappola AR, et al. Circulation. 2019;139(25):2892- 2909. doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.0368596. Kalra S, et al. Diabetes Ther. 2019;10(6):2035-2044. doi:10.1007/s13300-019-00700-47. Mantovani A, et al. Thyroid. 2018;28(10):1270-1284. doi:10.1089/ thy.2018.02578. Iglesias P, et al. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;18(1):131-144. doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9395-79. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S14-S31. doi: 10.2337/dc23-S00210 Arnett DK, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019. doi: 10.1161/CIR.000000000000067711. Cusi K, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2022;28(5):P528-562. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.01012. Rinella NE, et al. Hepatology. 2023;77(5):1797-1835. doi:10.1097/HEP.000000000000032313. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4S):S117-S314. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This reflex provides a cost-effective, medically justified, and guideline supported approach to evaluating a patient at risk of NAFLD with liver fibrosis. If the FIB-4 index is ≥1.30, the ELF score is performed.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel is usually ordered to monitor patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or as part of a health examination for individuals at high risk of developing kidney diseases [1].Kidney disease is more likely to develop in individuals with certain conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and a family history of kidney disease. Early symptoms of kidney diseases are often non-specific. This panel is commonly ordered during wellness checks and emergency-room admissions when symptoms and signs are suggestive of kidney diseases. National Kidney Foundation recommends a kidney profile containing estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin-creatinine ratio for detecting and monitoring CKD [1].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References1. Laboratory engagement plan: transforming kidney disease detection. National Kidney Foundation Laboratory Engagement Advisory Group. Published February 2018. Accessed January 6, 2022. https://www.ascp.org/content/docs/default-source/get-involved-pdfs/istp-ckd/laboratory-engagement-plan.pdf

What the laboratory says this test is for

This Profile combines two common tests-estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine albumin-creatinine ratio to support early detection of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). This profile supports the National Kidney Foundation initiative to drive adoption of the profile to facilitate appropriate ordering of the elements of the profile to address early detection of (CKD). A NHANES (CDC) study showed that only 8% of people with an eGFR 30 mg/g, only 28% were aware they had CKD. The guidelines are part of the laboratory engagement plan for CKD Intercept, sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel comprises a group of tests that provide information on an individual's blood levels of electrolytes, calcium, and glucose as well as renal function, hepatic function, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a health examination to detect a range of disorders, especially those that may affect the liver or kidneys [1].The results of the panel components are usually evaluated jointly for patterns. The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [1].Sodium: An electrolyte that plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and appropriate pressure to assure that substances do not leak from cells and organs. Sodium measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving electrolyte imbalance.Potassium: An electrolyte that is essential for proper muscle and nerve function and helps keep the balance of fluids. Potassium measurements are useful in assessing electrolyte balance in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions characterized by low or high blood potassium levels.Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain volume, acidity, and electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Chloride measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate): A type of blood gas used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance. Carbon dioxide is generally evaluated with other common electrolytes; the measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with changes in body acid-base balance.Glucose: A type of sugar that serves as the body's main energy source. Glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and low blood sugar.Calcium: A mineral in the body that is essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation. Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): The principal waste product of protein catabolism. BUN measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain kidney and metabolic diseases.Creatinine: A waste product of the muscles. Creatinine measurements are useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis.Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A value calculated using serum creatinine measurements and the patient's age and sex to reflect kidney function. eGFR is useful in detecting and monitoring chronic kidney disease in adults.Albumin: A protein that keeps fluid from leaking out of the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the body. Albumin measurements are useful in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarily the liver and kidneys.Total bilirubin: A waste product generated when old red blood cells break down. Bilirubin measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, hemolytic, hematologic, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease.Total protein: A sum of albumin and globulins. Protein measurements are useful in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme found mainly in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. Alkaline phosphatase measurements are useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders and bone diseases associated with increased bone formation.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): An enzyme widely distributed throughout the tissues, with significant amounts present in the heart and liver. AST measurements are useful in the evaluation of liver and heart damage.References1. Rao LV, et al. Laboratory tests. In: Rao LV, eds. Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis. 11th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel is designed for individuals diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus whose kidney disease has advanced to Stage 3/4 impairment. The panel affords the opportunity to assess electrolytes, phosphorus, serum creatinine/eGFR, hemoglobin, microalbumin, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and vitamin D. The grouping of these tests, readily identifiable as elements that adhere to guideline recommendations, is intended to facilitate the ready adherence to professional society clinical practice guidelines. Components of the testing related to the Management of CKD in diabetes, as outlined in the Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2013. These recommendations are in broad agreement with those published by the National Kidney Foundation and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.

What the laboratory says this test is for

This panel may be helpful in assessing liver injury, diagnosing liver diseases, and monitoring treatment of liver diseases and adverse effects of hepatotoxic drugs [1]. This panel includes total protein, albumin, globulin (calculated), albumin/globulin ratio, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin (calculated), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin are common liver chemistry analytes that can be used to evaluate liver injury. ALT is a more liver-specific marker than AST. The latter also is present in the peripheral circulation during episodes of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle injury. Elevated ALT and AST levels disproportionate to ALP levels indicate hepatocellular injury; elevated ALP and bilirubin levels disproportionate to ALT and AST levels indicate cholestatic injury. In the absence of identifiable risk factors, ALT or AST levels above the upper limit of the normal range are associated with increased liver-related mortality [1]. Evaluation of direct and indirect bilirubin levels is helpful for assessing the possibility of hepatocellular disease [1]. Elevated direct bilirubin levels imply hepatocellular dysfunction or cholestasis.Albumin is a marker of liver synthetic function; low levels may indicate liver disease of more than 3 weeks' duration [1]. Total protein levels reflect the sum of albumin and globulins and may aid in the diagnosis of disorders involving the liver, kidney, or bone marrow.This panel may be useful in evaluating individuals who are taking hepatotoxic drugs as well as those with viral hepatitis, symptoms or signs of chronic liver disease, conditions associated with a high risk of developing liver disease, lifestyle risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or a family history of liver disease [2].Because many liver diseases cause characteristic abnormalities in selected liver chemistry analytes, results of individual analytes in this panel may aid in differential diagnosis. An abnormal test result may need to be confirmed by repeat testing and/or performing a clarifying test. For example, measurement of gamma-glutamyl transferase activity (not included in this panel) can help determine whether an elevated ALP result reflects hepatic disease [1].Note that liver enzymes are markers of liver injury, not direct measurements of hepatic function. Bilirubin, albumin, and prothrombin time are markers of liver synthetic function [1,2].The results of this test should be interpreted in the context of pertinent clinical and family history and physical examination findings.References 1. Kwo PY, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(1):18-35. 2. Newsome PN, et al. Gut. 2018;67(1):6-19.